Tribulus species is among the medicinal plants that are used frequently by south Indian traditional practitioners for its fascinating biological activities. Our study, based on evaluation of the in-vivo central nervous system stimulant or depressant locomotor activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol leaf extracts of Tribulus terrestris Linn. Among thatthe ethanolic leaf extract at the dose of 100mg/kg only exhibited considerably significant central nervous system stimulant activity. The phytochemical investigation showed that alkaloids, saponins and glycosides are present as main active constituents.

Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence the name niosomes. Structurally niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer. However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes. Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes. Niosomes may be unilamellar or multilamellar depending on the method used to prepare them. The niosomes are classified as a function of the number of bilayer or as a function of size or as a function of the method of preparation. Niosomes present a structure similar to liposome and hence they can represent alternative vesicular systems with respect to liposomes due to the niosome ability to encapsulate different type of drugs within their multi environmental structure. The technology utilized in niosomes is still greatly in its infancy, and already it is showing promise in the fields of cancer and infectious disease treatments.

The goal of any drug delivery system is to provide a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body and then maintain the desired drug concentration. A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome some of problems of conventional therapy and enhance therapeutic efficacy of the given drug. There are various approaches in delivering therapeutic substance to the target site in sustained and controlled release. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drug. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature ideally having particle size less than 200μm.This review provides brief information about mechanism of drug release, factors affecting, types of microspheres, method of preparations, evaluation and application of microspheres for controlled drug delivery.

The aim of the present study was to develop and characterized a vesicular drug carrier system (proliposome) for topical delivery of Metformin hydrochloride to overcome the problems related with oral route. Proliposomes of Metformin hydrochloride were prepared by thin film hydration technique by varying the composition drug, mannitol, soya lecithin and cholesterol. Proliposome formulations were characterized for compatibility, Vesicle size, % Drug content, % Entrapment efficiency, Surface morphology, Surface charge, invitro drug release and stability studies. The proliposomal gel was prepared for optimized proliposomal formulation F4 by incorporated into 1% Carbopol gel. The in vitro drug release and in vivo skin irritation study and hypoglycemic activity were carried out for the gel F4-G1. Drug and physical mixture were characterized by FTIR, the result of IR study showed that no interaction between drug and polymers and other formulation parameters of formulated proliposomes and proliposomal gel are evaluated which showed better results. Proliposomal gel F4-G1  was proved nonirritant and showed  better stability, more hypoglycemic effect as compared to oral formulation because it provide reduction in blood glucose level with controlled manner upto 24 hrs. Hence, Proliposomes drug delivery system was better choice for sustained release of drug through topical drug delivery.

Aim:The aim of the present study was to develop and characterized a vesicular drug carrier system (ethosome) for topical delivery of Gliclazide to overcome the problems related with oral route. Ethosomes of Gliclazide were prepared by thin film hydration technique by varying the composition drug, soya lecithin and propylene glycol. ethosome formulations were characterized for compatibility, Vesicle size, % Drug content, % Entrapment efficiency, Surface morphology, Surface charge, invitro drug release and stability studies. The ethosomal gel was prepared for optimized ethosomal formulation F3 by incorporated into 1% Carbopol gel. The in vitrodrug release and invivo skin irritation study and hypoglycemic activity were carried out for the gel F3-G1. Results: Drug and physical mixture were characterized by FTIR, the result of IR study showed that no interaction between drug and polymers and other formulation parameters of formulated ethosomes and ethosomal gel are evaluated which showed better results. Conclusion: ethosomal gel F3-G1 was proved nonirritant and showed  better stability, more hypoglycemic effect as compared to oral formulation because it provide reduction in blood glucose level with controlled manner upto 24 hrs. Hence, ethosomes drug delivery system was better choice for sustained release of drug through topical drug delivery.