Blood donation is required for providing blood and blood products for saving others’ lives. Patients might require blood due to sever blood diseases, traffic accidents, routine surgeries or other serious clinical cases. All over the world the demand for blood increases, while the blood donation and blood storage showed a significant decrease during the last years. Several factors have been reported in different researches that influenced the decision of blood donation. In Saudi Arabia, low number of blood donation among Saudi’s, were reported as a result of poor knowledge and unfavorable attitude to donation. Thus, increasing the level of basic knowledge through educational programs and campaigning are necessary to improve public attitude toward blood donation. The aim of this study was to assess the basic knowledge and attitude of Prince Nora university female students regarding blood donation, along with motivational factors and barriers affecting blood donation. The result of this study showed that 40% of participants were aware of the required extracted volume of blood donation. Only 23% were known of the age of blood donors. Most of the students were acknowledged of the minimum weight for individuals who donated blood. About the frequency of blood donation and minimum duration between consecutive donations the result also showed students’ positive attitude toward blood donation. They were willing to donate blood for their friends, family member or even to an unknown person who needs blood. Saving others’ life was the most common motivation behind blood donation in this study followed by humanitarian reasons. Regarding the barriers related to blood donation among students distance from blood collection point was the most common cause for non-donation followed with never thinking about blood donation. This study suggested that organizing campaigning will aids to keep the issue of blood donation alive in the minds of the general community, eliminate specific misbeliefs and strengthen motivational pictures.

In recent years, there has been an explosion of research on genetic causes of human diseases. Although genetic changes involve alteration of the genetic code, epigenetic changes are associated with external modifications to chromatin structure and gene expression without the alteration of the core DNA sequence. It is becoming increasingly evident that there are several disease-causing alterations in the epigenome. Thus, it is important to understand the etiology of human diseases with respect to epigenetic modifications. This review article focuses on the current advances in knowledge on human diseases that occur due to epigenetic dysregulation. We also highlight the role of epigenetics in diabetes regulation and in emerging viral infections. Understanding the significance of epigenetic changes and their role in disease development could help develop therapies targeting the epigenomic network of the cell.

Background: Traditional healers claims that Annona senegalensis possess wound healing ability. This study was designed to assess the wound healing, anti-oxidant and antibacterial potential of Annona senegalensis ethanol root bark extract using rats. Materials and Methods: Extraction was by cold maceration. In excision wound study, the healing effect of 20% and 10% Annona senegalensis ointment were compared with 5% povidone-iodine and paraffin wax. Post wounding, rate of wound contraction, epithelialization, antimicrobial activity and wound histology were studied. In the incision wound model, 20% and 10% of plant extract at 400mg/kg body weight were administered to rats post wounding. The hydroxyproline, hyaluronic acid, total protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde assays and wound tensile strength were assessed. Results: Annona senegalensis extract treated groups showed faster wound healing, with good antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Conclusions: ASEE showed good wound healing effect and antibacterial activities, which were comparable to those of povidone-iodine.

Objectives: To study the effect of pravastatin on role of nitric oxide in insulin resistance in experimentally induced NIDDM rat model. Methods: STZ solution prepared by using citrated buffer in the pH of 4.5 and it was injected (90mg/kg) to days old neonatal rat. After 6 weeks of STZ treatment, animals were treated with pravastatin by oral dose for 12 weeks. The serum samples were analyzed for glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride with the help of respective kit reagent in autoanalyser. To determine the nitric oxide level in blood plasma as well as pancreatic islet by griess reagent in spectrophotometric analysis. Skeletal muscle glycogen level was analyzed by colorimetric method. Result: STZ induced diabetic rats showed significant increase in blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Treatment with pravastatin significantly reduces blood glucose (p<0.001), serum cholesterol (p<0.001) and serum triglyceride (p<0.001). Plasma nitrate and islet nitrite were found to be significantly decreased in diabetic rats. Treatment with pravastatin caused a significant increase in plasma nitrate (p<0.001) and islet nitrite (p<0.001). STZ also showed that significant decrease in muscle glycogen in diabetic rats and it was significantly (p<0.001) increased by pravastatin. Conclusion: Pravastatin have prominent role in endothelial dysfunction, lipid profile and glycemic control and it ensures that pravastatin having good impact on insulin resistance through nitric oxide mediation.

Green mould disease is one of the most dangerous and common disease infect many fruit types, specially citrus fruits. Infection may be start from the field and lately develop in storage. This disease is more obvious on orange fruits. Four citrus varieties were selected as follow: Orange, Mandarine, Lemon and Grape fruits.10kg from the previous citrus varieties were randomly collected from the local markets in Benghazi city in winter 2018. Immediately the collected fruit samples were kept in sealed sterile plastic bags and placed at room temperature 27 ± 1. Four different selective media were chosen: (Sabroid Agar "SDA", Potato Dextrose Agar "PDA", Molar Agar and Nutrient Agar) and isolated the causal agent from rots and cultivated at 27 ± 1 for one week and identified by morphological and cultural characteristic of growing colonies conidiophores conidia of penicillium sp. Which it is identified as penicillium digitatum.